有色金属材料与工程  2025, Vol. 46 Issue (2): 51-57    DOI: 10.13258/j.cnki.nmme.20240402001   PDF    
基于镧系金属配合物Eu(DBM)3Phen杂化微球的合成及其荧光传感性能
王茂宇, 卞正亮, 李颖    
上海理工大学 材料与化学学院, 上海 200093
摘要:利用种子生长法将SiO2与镧系金属配合物Eu(DBM)3Phen进行复合,设计合成了一种可用于检测水环境中抗生素盐酸洛美沙星(lomefloxacin hydrochloride, LOM)的荧光微球杂化探针。选择二苯甲酰甲烷(dibenzoylmethane, DBM)和1,10−邻菲啰啉(1,10-phenanthroline, Phen)为功能配体,以正硅酸四乙酯(tetraethyl orthosilicate, TEOS)为硅源,在氨水为催化剂、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)为连接剂的条件下获得了一种平均粒径为200 nm的SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen杂化微球。采用X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FT-IR)对SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen的结构和性能进行系统地表征,并进一步探究其荧光增强性能。结果表明,随着SiO2的引入,Eu(DBM)3Phen的荧光强度得到有效提高。同时,对不同浓度的LOM进行传感检测试验,得到线性拟合曲线。当LOM的浓度为40~800 μmol/L时,荧光微球杂化探针SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen的响应荧光单体对应峰值显著增强。
关键词镧系金属配合物    荧光探针    SiO2    传感检测    
Synthesis and fluorescence sensing properties of Eu(DBM)3Phen hybrid microspheres based on lanthanide metal complex
WANG Maoyu, BIAN Zhengliang, LI Ying    
School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
Abstract: A fluorescent microsphere lomefloxacin hydrochloride (LOM) hybridization prob, that can be used for the detection of the antibiotic lomefloxacin hydrochloride in the aqueous environments, has been designed and synthesized by complexing SiO2 with the lanthanide metal complex Eu(DBM)3Phen using the seed growth method. Under the conditions of selecting dibenzoylmethane (DBM) and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) as the functional ligands, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the silicon source, ammonia as the catalyst, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the linker, a kind of SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen hybrid microsphere with an average size of 200 nm nanometers was obtained. The probe’s structure and properties were systematically characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and its fluorescence enhancement performance was further investigated. Results showed that the introduction of SiO2 effectively improved the fluorescence intensity of Eu(DBM)3Phen. Meanwhile, sensing detection tests for different LOM concentrations yielded a linear calibration curve: Meanwhile, the sensing detection experiments were carried out on different concentrations of LOM, and linear fitting curves were obtained. When the concentration of LOM is 40-800 μmol/L, the peak value corresponding to the responsive fluorescent monomer of hybridized probe SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen are significantly enhanced.
Key words: lanthanide metal complex    fluorescent probe    SiO2    sensing detection    

镧系金属配合物由于具备优异的荧光性能而广泛应用于光学探测[1-2]、激光材料[3-4]和防伪[5-6]等领域。稀土作为一种发光材料[7],主要依靠f-f电子跃迁产生荧光[8]。根据电偶极子选择定律,三价镧系离子f-f跃迁具备的低吸收系数很难利用激发电子,导致电子跃迁难以进行,因此,稀土本身的低发光效率限制了其应用[9-10]。而有机配体作为“天线”,与稀土结合后将吸收激发光的能量,使稀土离子敏化[11-13],从而实现有机配体向中心镧系离子能量的转移,以此达到稀土荧光性能的高效利用[14]。常见的有机配体种类包括β−二酮和羧酸等[15],然而,不同的配合物对稀土的传递能力不同。因此,合理选择有机配体十分必要。

金属配合物的稳定性、生物相容性[16]以及对环境敏感易发生浓度猝灭[17-18]等问题限制了其实际应用。在无机基质中,SiO2作为一种具有低毒性[19]、良好生物相容性[20],以及高稳定性的惰性材料,常被用于与其他功能性材料复合,构建复合材料体系。将SiO2包覆在金属配合物表面可以有效解决金属配合物的疏水性、浓度猝灭等问题,进而拓宽其应用领域,并显著提升其光致发光性能[21]。金属配合物具备荧光寿命长、响应速率快、结构稳定、斯托克斯位移大等优势[22],为低检测背景的敏感生物荧光检测提供了方向[23]

盐酸洛美沙星(lomefloxacin hydrochloride, LOM)作为第三代人工合成的氟喹诺酮类抗生素被广泛应用于呼吸道感染、皮肤软组织感染以及尿路感染等疾病的治疗中[24-26]。然而,随着药物排出体外,对环境的污染问题受到了人们的广泛关注。因此,一种方便快捷的检测手段就显得十分必要。

本文选择二苯甲酰甲烷(dibenzoylmethane,DBM)和1,10−邻菲咯啉(1,10-phenanthroline,Phen)作为双配体对三价铕(Eu3+)进行高效的荧光传递,以乙醇为溶剂,利用NaOH对体系进行去质子化,得到黄色粉末,随后以正硅酸四乙酯(tetraethyl orthosilicate,TEOS)为硅源,氨水为催化剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,CTAB)为连接剂,随后采用种子生长法,利用SiO2对Eu(DBM)3Phen金属配合物进行包覆,得到粒径为200 nm杂化微球,通过探究不同温度下的煅烧条件,筛选出合理的煅烧温度来提升荧光强度。随后开展了针对LOM的比例型荧光探针的构建研究,实现了LOM的定性以及对40~800 μmol/L浓度的定量检测。

1 试 验 1.1 Eu(DBM)3Phen金属配合物的合成

以双配体对稀土元素Eu进行配位修饰,以DBM作为第一配体提供结构支持,Phen 作为第二配体,提供荧光传递支持,具体流程如下:首先将DBM(1.105 g)、Phen(0.297 g)溶于50 mL无水乙醇中,然后加入NaOH(0.200 g),在 50 ℃下搅拌 6 h 进行去质子化反应,得到溶液 A。将EuCl3·6H2O(0.600 g)溶于10 mL去离子水中,搅拌至充分溶解后缓慢滴入溶液A中,置于旋转蒸发仪中,得到黄色粉末,研磨后得到Eu(DBM)3Phen金属配合物。

1.2 SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen杂化微球的合成

根据文献[27]中的种子生长法,对试验步骤进行了修改,完成了 SiO2与Eu(DBM)3Phen的结合。首先,将 TEOS(4.0 mL)缓慢滴入由 60 mL 无水乙醇、30 mL 去离子水和 6 mL氨水组成的混合溶液中,剧烈搅拌 30 min。然后,将 16 mL 无水乙醇、7 mL 水和 2 mL 氨水混合,搅拌 15 min,随后将该混合液加入上述溶液中,所得混合物记为溶液B。随后,将 Eu(DBM)3Phen(0.482 g)、TEOS(1.1 mL)、CTAB(0.160 g)和 40 mL 丙酮混合,搅拌 30 min,缓慢滴入溶液 B中,剧烈搅拌 30 min。搅拌完成后加入 TEOS(4.0 mL),搅拌 5 h。将产物用无水乙醇离心洗涤 5 次后,放入 60 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥 24 h,得到 干燥的SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen,将其放入马弗炉中,以 5 ℃/min 的升温速率升温至 200 ℃,保温 3 h,得到最终产物 SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen杂化微球。以上试验剧烈搅拌的转速均为 600 r/min 。

1.3 样品表征设备

荧光分光光度计、紫外可见分光光度计(ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, UV-Vis)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer,XRD)。

2 结果分析 2.1 SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen杂化微球的形貌表征

图1为 SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen的SEM图。从图1中可以看出,SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen的平均粒径为200 nm,煅烧后有一定程度的变形,这可能是由于模板CTAB受热分解产生气体导致的,在FT-IR的测试中可以进一步得到证实。

图 1 SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen的SEM图 Fig. 1 SEM images of the SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen
2.2 SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen的结构分析

图2为不同阶段及不同煅烧温度下样品的XRD谱图。如图2(a)所示,分别在8.0°、8.7°、18.2°、20.0°、22.0°等位置出现了特征峰,与文献[28]中报道的结构类似,这表明Eu(DBM)3Phen制备成功。此外,从图2(a)中可以看出,随着SiO2的引入,特征峰峰值显著减小,这主要是由于SiO2在Eu(DBM)3Phen表面覆盖,原晶体Eu(DBM)3Phen与非晶态SiO2结合出现半晶态半非静态现象。从图2(a)中23°处可以看出,SiO2出现非晶态[29],200 ℃下煅烧后,原填充在SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen内部的CTAB被分解,Eu(DBM)3Phen以二次结晶的形式出现在SiO2表面,从图2(b)中可以看出,煅烧后的特征峰有一定程度的恢复,但相比Eu(DBM)3Phen仍有不足。随后,为了保证CTAB的有效去除以及Eu(DBM)3Phen的有效二次结晶,分别在200、250、300 ℃对样品进行煅烧。如图2(b)所示,在250、300 ℃煅烧会导致Eu(DBM)3Phen晶体分解,只保留SiO2自身非晶态特征峰,因此,试验选择200 ℃作为最佳煅烧温度。

图 2 不同阶段及不同煅烧温度下样品的XRD谱图 Fig. 2 XRD patterns of the samples at different stages and under different calcination temperatures

进一步对样品进行FT-IR测试,如图3(a)所示。在Eu(DBM)3Phen中,在1400−1、1600 cm−1处产生的吸收峰分别对应C―O、C―C、C―N键的拉伸振动吸收峰,在30333063 cm−1处分别对应Eu(DBM)3Phen的特征吸收峰,结果与XRD的分析结果一致,表明Eu(DBM)3Phen的成功制备。

图 3 不同阶段及不同煅烧温度下样品的FT-IR谱图 Fig. 3 FT-IR spectra of the samples at different stages and under different calcination temperatures

另一方面,随着SiO2的加入,Eu(DBM)3Phen在1 400~1 600 cm−1处的特征吸收峰强度开始减弱,如图3(a)所示。这主要是由于在StÖber水解过程中,位于810 cm−1处形成的Si―OH键连接在了Eu(DBM)3Phen表面,在200 ℃煅烧后,CTAB被分解,导致SiO2表面产生孔隙,使Eu(DBM)3Phen的特征吸收峰强度有所恢复。由图3(b)可知,随着煅烧温度的升高,Eu(DBM)3Phen发生分解,在14001600 cm−1处的峰逐渐消失。这表明,适当的煅烧温度可以改善SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen的特征吸收峰形成以及结构的稳定性。

2.3 样品的荧光性能

图4为不同阶段及不同煅烧温度下样品的荧光强度表征。SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen与Eu(DBM)3Phen的荧光强度相比,有一定趋势的减弱,见图4(a)。这主要是由于SiO2的加入阻碍了荧光向外传导。由图4(a)可知,在200 ℃煅烧后,在610 nm处的荧光显著增强,这主要是由于二次析晶导致的荧光增强现象。煅烧温度升高至250 ℃以及300 ℃时,荧光开始猝灭。从结构分析中可以得出,随着煅烧温度的升高,Eu(DBM)3Phen开始分解,从而导致能量传递不足。

图 4 不同阶段及不同煅烧温度下样品的荧光强度表征 Fig. 4 Fluorescence intensity characterizations of the samples at different stages and under different calcination temperatures
2.4 SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen杂化微球的传感应用

将SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen用于LOM检测,以Eu(DBM)3Phen在610 nm处的荧光作为参比荧光,在440 nm处的荧光作为响应单位,对浓度为40、75、125、250、400、500、800 μmol/L的LOM进行检测,随着LOM浓度的增大,图5(a)中试管内样品的颜色逐渐从红色(最右侧)变为紫色(最左侧)。这可能是因为LOM产生的荧光与Eu(DBM)3Phen自身强度产生重叠,而Eu(DBM)3Phen的强度不受添加的LOM的影响而保持不变,因此,可以有效地作为参比荧光单体。根据Stern-Volmer方程:

图 5 不同浓度LOM加入后荧光响应曲线及线性拟合数据分析图 Fig. 5 Fluorescence response curves and linear fitting data analysis after adding different concentrations of LOM
$ \qquad F/F_0=K_{\mathrm{SV}}\cdot c+1 $ (1)

式中:F0为加入LOM前的440 nm处荧光强度;F为加入不同浓度LOM后的荧光强度;Ksv为Stern-volmer荧光猝灭常数;c为加入LOM后的浓度。

随后,根据F/F0进行了线性拟合,如图5所示。得到了拟合曲线y=0.017 07x+1.058 02,其中线性回归系数R2=0.98337。这意味着该荧光探针在浓度为40~800 μmol/L时,具有良好的定量能力。通过在暗箱中256 nm激发光下观察发现,随着待检测物LOM浓度的增大,荧光颜色逐渐从红色变为紫色。

3 结 论

本文通过种子生长法将SiO2成功引入Eu(DBM)3Phen,制备了SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen,使其荧光强度显著提升,通过FT-IR及XRD表征,探究了煅烧温度对SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen的荧光强度的影响,将制备的具有最佳荧光性能的SiO2@Eu(DBM)3Phen用于LOM的传感检测应用,本研究分别对40~800 μmol/L浓度LOM进行了荧光测试,并进行了线性拟合,得到了具有高线性回归系数的方程,随后进行了LOM的可视化检测,在紫外暗箱照射下具备良好的肉眼识别能力,这意味着本荧光探针具备定性、定量检测能力,并且在实际应用中满足可视化检测的需求,是一种十分便利、高效稳定的荧光探针。

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